通信感知一體化硬件設(shè)計——現(xiàn)狀與展望

林粵偉; 張奇勛; 尉志青; 李興旺; 劉凡; 范紹帥; 王溢

doi:10.11999/JEIT240012

通信感知一體化硬件設(shè)計——現(xiàn)狀與展望

doi: 10.11999/JEIT240012

林粵偉^{1, 2, 3},
張奇勛^3, ,,
尉志青³,
李興旺⁴,
劉凡⁵,
范紹帥²,
王溢³

1.
青島科技大學(xué)信息科學(xué)技術(shù)學(xué)院青島 266061
2.
北京郵電大學(xué)網(wǎng)絡(luò)與交換技術(shù)全國重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室北京 100876
3.
北京郵電大學(xué)泛網(wǎng)無線通信教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室北京 100876
4.
河南理工大學(xué)物理與電子信息學(xué)院焦作 454003
5.
東南大學(xué)信息科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院南京 210096

基金項目: 國家自然科學(xué)基金優(yōu)秀青年科學(xué)基金(62022020)，國家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計劃(2020YFA0711302)，網(wǎng)絡(luò)與交換技術(shù)全國重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室(北京郵電大學(xué))開放課題(SKLNST-2023-1-14)，泛網(wǎng)無線通信教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室(北京郵電大學(xué))開放課題，青島科技大學(xué)公派國內(nèi)訪學(xué)項目

詳細(xì)信息

作者簡介:
林粵偉：男，副教授、碩士生導(dǎo)師、博士，研究方向?yàn)橥ㄐ鸥兄惑w化、B5G/6G無線通信、FPGA嵌入式技術(shù)等

張奇勛：男，教授，研究方向?yàn)橥ㄐ鸥兄惑w化等

尉志青：男，副教授，研究方向?yàn)橥ㄐ鸥兄惑w化、無線資源管理與優(yōu)化等

李興旺：男，副教授，研究方向?yàn)橥ㄐ鸥兄惑w化、RIS等

劉凡：男，教授，研究方向?yàn)橥ㄐ鸥兄惑w化等

范紹帥：男，副教授，研究方向?yàn)橥ㄐ鸥兄惑w化、無線通信、無線定位等

王溢：男，博士，研究方向?yàn)橥ㄐ鸥兄惑w化等

通訊作者:
張奇勛　zhangqixun@bupt.edu.cn

中圖分類號: TN911.1
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出版歷程
- 收稿日期: 2024-01-16
- 修回日期: 2024-05-03
- 網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版日期: 2024-05-12
- 刊出日期: 2025-01-31

Status and Prospect of Hardware Design on Integrated Sensing and Communication

LIN Yuewei^{1, 2, 3},
ZHANG Qixun^{3
, ,},
WEI Zhiqing³,
LI Xingwang⁴,
LIU Fan⁵,
FAN Shaoshuai²,
WANG Yi³

1.
College of Information Science and Technology, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
2.
State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
3.
Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
4.
School of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
5.
School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China

Funds: The National Natural Science Foundation of China Excellent Youth Science Fund Project (62022020), The National Key R&D Program (2020YFA0711302), The Open Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology (Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications) (SKLNST-2023-1-14), The Open Foundation of Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications (BUPT), Ministry of Education, P.R.China, The Public Domestic Visiting Program of Qingdao University of Science and Technology

摘要

摘要: 通信感知一體化(ISAC)需要通信和感知共用無線電頻段和硬件資源。多頻段、大帶寬、通信感知對硬件的要求不同等特點(diǎn)對通信感知一體化硬件設(shè)計提出更高要求。該文對后5G, 6G, WiFi等通信感知一體化的硬件設(shè)計、驗(yàn)證技術(shù)，以及硬件系統(tǒng)性驗(yàn)證平臺進(jìn)行歸納，對國內(nèi)外近年相關(guān)硬件設(shè)計研究及其驗(yàn)證情況進(jìn)行綜述，關(guān)注通信感知兩種系統(tǒng)對硬件的需求矛盾、帶內(nèi)全雙工(IBFD)自干擾消除(SIC)、功放(PA)效率、電路性能對建模要求更高等硬件設(shè)計挑戰(zhàn)。首先，總結(jié)、比較已有研究中通信感知一體化收發(fā)信機(jī)架構(gòu)設(shè)計。然后，介紹、分析現(xiàn)有通信感知一體化帶內(nèi)全雙工自干擾抑制方案、低峰均功率比(PAPR)波形與高性能PA設(shè)計、器件高精度建模方法以及硬件系統(tǒng)性驗(yàn)證平臺。最后，總結(jié)全文并對未來通信感知一體化硬件設(shè)計所面臨的開放性問題進(jìn)行展望。
- 第6代移動通信 /
- 通信感知一體化 /
- 帶內(nèi)全雙工 /
- 軟件無線電 /
- 雷達(dá)
Abstract: Objective: The field of cellular mobile communication is advancing toward post-5G (5.5G, Beyond 5G, 5G Advanced) and 6th Generation (6G) standards. This evolution involves a shift from traditional sub-6 GHz operating frequency bands to higher frequency ranges, including millimeter wave (mmWave), terahertz (THz), and even visible light frequencies, which intersect with radar operating bands. Technologies such as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) have gained widespread application in both wireless communication and radar domains. Given the shared characteristics and commonalities in signal processing and operating frequency bands between these two fields, “Integrated Sensing And Communication (ISAC)” has emerged as a significant research focus in wireless technologies like 5G Advanced (5G-A), 6G, Wireless Fidelity (WiFi), and radar. This development points toward a network perception paradigm that combines communication, sensing, and computing. The “ISAC” concept aims to unify wireless communication systems (including cellular and WiFi) with wireless sensing technologies (such as radar) and even network Artificial Intelligence (AI) computing capabilities into a cohesive framework. By integrating these elements, the physical layer can share frequencies and Radio Frequency (RF) hardware resources, leading to several advantages: spectrum conservation, cost reduction, minimized hardware size and weight, and enhanced communication perception. In this article, the focus of communication perception integration is primarily on radar communication. ISAC necessitates that both communication and sensing utilize the same radio frequency band and hardware resources. The diverse characteristics of multiple frequency bands, along with the varying hardware requirements for communication and sensing, present increased challenges for ISAC hardware design. Effective hardware design for ISAC systems demands a well-considered architecture and device design for RF transceivers. Key considerations include the receiver’s continuous signal sensing, link budget, and noise figure, all of which are sensitive to factors such as system size, weight, power consumption, and cost. A comprehensive review of relevant literature reveals that while studies on overall architecture, waveform design, signal processing, and THz technology exist within the ISAC domain, they often center on theoretical models and software simulation. Hardware design and technical verification methodologies are sporadically addressed across different studies. Although some literature details specific hardware designs and validation approaches, these are limited in number compared to the rich body of theoretical and algorithmic research, indicating a need for more comprehensive and systematic reviews focused specifically on ISAC hardware design. Methods: This paper summarizes the hardware designs, verification technologies, and systemic hardware verification platforms pertinent to beyond 5G, 6G, and WiFi ISAC systems. Additionally, recent researches on related hardware designs and verification both domestically and internationally are reviewed. The analysis addresses the challenges in hardware design, including the conflicting requirements between communication and sensing systems, In Band Full Duplex (IBFD) Self-Interference Cancellation (SIC), Power Amplifier (PA) efficiency, and the need for more accurate circuit performance modeling. Results and Discussions: Initially, the design of ISAC transceiver architectures from existing research is summarized and compared. Subsequently, an overview and analysis of current ISAC IBFD self-interference suppression strategies, low Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) waveforms, high-performance PA designs, precise device modeling techniques, and systemic hardware verification platforms are presented. Finally, the paper provides a summary of the findings. Future challenges in ISAC hardware design are discussed, including the effects of hardware defects on sensing accuracy, ultra-large scale MIMO systems, high-frequency IBFD, and ISAC hardware designs for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) applications. The performance metrics of ISAC IBFD architectures are compared, while the various ISAC transceiver architectures are outlined. Representative hardware verification platforms for ISAC systems are presented. The different ISAC transceiver architectures summarized in this paper are illustrated. Conclusions: In recent years, preliminary research has been conducted on integrated air interface architecture, transceiver hardware design, systematic hardware verification, and demonstration of sensing technologies such as 5G-A, 6G, and WiFi, both domestically and internationally. However, certain limitations persist. Beyond 5G networks, post-5G and 6G ISAC hardware verification platforms primarily operate at the link level rather than at the network system level. This focus on ISAC without the integration of computing functions leads to increased volume and power consumption costs and a reliance on commercial instruments and SDR platforms. Furthermore, the IBFD self-interference suppression technology has yet to fully satisfy the demands of future ultra-large-scale MIMO systems, necessitating further integration with large-scale artificial intelligence model technologies. In light of impending technological challenges and issues of openness, it is crucial for academia and industry to collaborate in addressing these challenges and researching viable solutions. To expedite testing optimization and industrial implementation, practical hardware design transition solutions are required that balance advancements in high-frequency support, receiver architecture, and networking architecture, facilitating the efficient realization of the “ideal” of ISAC.
- 6G /
- Integrated Sensing And Communication (ISAC) /
- In Band Full Duplex (IBFD) /
- Software defined radio /
- Radar

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圖 1 論文結(jié)構(gòu)

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圖 2 傳統(tǒng)TDD收發(fā)信機(jī)架構(gòu)^[34]

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圖 3 接收機(jī)通信與感知部分分離的架構(gòu)^[36]

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圖 4 基于多端口干涉器的收發(fā)信機(jī)架構(gòu)^[41]

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圖 5 通感一體化系統(tǒng)IBFD架構(gòu)^[23]

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圖 6 IBFD收發(fā)信機(jī)架構(gòu)^[46]

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圖 7 接收機(jī)通信與感知完全分離的架構(gòu)^[21]

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圖 8 混頻器前置收發(fā)信機(jī)架構(gòu)^[47,48]

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圖 9 LNA選擇性旁路收發(fā)信機(jī)架構(gòu)^[49]

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圖 10 EBD電氣均衡雙工器自干擾抵消原理^[50]

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表 1 通感一體化IBFD架構(gòu)性能對比

文獻(xiàn)	頻點(diǎn) (GHz)	帶寬 (MHz)	波形	感知性能	通信性能	收發(fā)信機(jī) 隔離度(dB)
[44,45]	1.74	40	IEEE 802.11 OFDM波形	在保持與另一通信節(jié)點(diǎn)的IBFD鏈路的同時，在室內(nèi)檢測20 m內(nèi)的目標(biāo)，能夠?qū)λ俣葹?.2～1 m/s的運(yùn)動物體測速	誤碼率低于1.5%	大于85
[46]	2.4	100	4G LTE與5G NR OFDM波形	可在室外對距離102.1 m、相對速度9 m/s的車輛進(jìn)行測距測速，可以取得1 m量級的距離估計精度和超過90%的目標(biāo)檢測概率	未提供	100

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表 2 通感一體化收發(fā)信機(jī)架構(gòu)總結(jié)

文獻(xiàn)	收發(fā)信機(jī)架構(gòu)	通信雙工方式	優(yōu)點(diǎn)	缺點(diǎn)	說明
[32–34]	TDD架構(gòu)：傳統(tǒng)無線電架構(gòu)(超外差、零中頻等)	TDD	可直接復(fù)用已有架構(gòu)	存在雷達(dá)感知最小距離問題，通信和雷達(dá)對收發(fā)信機(jī)要求不同導(dǎo)致一體化功能實(shí)現(xiàn)較為困難
[35,36]	TDD架構(gòu)：接收機(jī)通信感知鏈路部分分離	TDD	保持接收機(jī)靈敏度，節(jié)省ADC	接收機(jī)額外增加感知鏈路，體積、重量增大	接收機(jī)天線、射頻、大部分中頻鏈路分離，時分復(fù)用基帶鏈路
[42]	TDD架構(gòu)：接收機(jī)基于多端口干涉器	TDD	便于估計AOA、簡單易實(shí)現(xiàn)、低成本、極低功耗、可重配置	接收機(jī)靈敏度減小、動態(tài)范圍有限、雷達(dá)探測距離減小	適合毫米波和大規(guī)模MIMO(對噪聲性能要求寬松)
[23]	IBFD架構(gòu)	IBFD(接收機(jī)可持續(xù)接收信號)	通信頻譜利用率提升接近2倍、無雷達(dá)感知最小距離問題	收發(fā)天線互耦、自干擾抑制帶來接收機(jī)計算資源消耗與硬件復(fù)雜度的增大	學(xué)術(shù)研究與未來產(chǎn)業(yè)落地的理想終極方案
[16]	折中架構(gòu)：接收機(jī)通信感知鏈路完全分離	TDD(接收機(jī)中的感知鏈路可持續(xù)接收信號)	避免自干擾、工程易實(shí)現(xiàn)、無雷達(dá)感知最小距離問題	接收機(jī)額外增加感知鏈路，體積、重量增大	學(xué)術(shù)研究與目前產(chǎn)業(yè)測試的折中過渡方案
[47,48]	高頻段架構(gòu)：接收機(jī)混頻器前置	TDD	緩解接收機(jī)飽和問題、面積與功耗減小、無雷達(dá)感知最小距離問題	接收機(jī)噪聲系數(shù)增大、靈敏度減小、雷達(dá)探測距離減小	適合毫米波和大規(guī)模MIMO(對噪聲性能要求寬松)
[49]	高頻段架構(gòu)：接收機(jī)LNA選擇性旁路	TDD	緩解接收機(jī)飽和問題、面積與功耗減小、無雷達(dá)感知最小距離問題	接收機(jī)噪聲系數(shù)增大、雷達(dá)靈敏度減小、雷達(dá)探測距離減小	適合毫米波和大規(guī)模MIMO(對噪聲性能要求寬松)，發(fā)射信號時旁路

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表 3 通感一體化部分代表性硬件驗(yàn)證平臺

文獻(xiàn)	頻點(diǎn)、帶寬	波形	感知驗(yàn)證情況	通信驗(yàn)證情況	特點(diǎn)或局限性
[46]	2.4 GHz, 40 MHz	OFDM	5G BS端下行鏈路室外靜止無人機(jī)測距(距離 40 m)，室外多車輛測距、測速(距離50～ 110 m，速度12 m/s、±9 m/s)。	–	IBFD架構(gòu)，自干擾消除方法設(shè)計
[70,71]	24 GHz, 93.1 MHz	OFDM	室外實(shí)際路況多車輛測距(100 m以內(nèi))、測速(–5 m/s，–12 m/s)。	–	面向車聯(lián)網(wǎng)、自動駕駛場景
[29]	3.5 GHz, 10 MHz	LFM	模糊函數(shù)性能較好。	比特率1 Mbit/s，定向通信，給出QPSK星座圖 (誤碼率較好)	雷達(dá)通信一體化波形首次得到硬件技術(shù)驗(yàn)證^[24]
[75]	73 GHz, 2 GHz	OFDM	毫米波室內(nèi)外靜止目標(biāo)測距(4 m內(nèi))、測角、不支持測速。	單工通信	毫米波高頻段，受制于SIMO機(jī)械模擬的慢速，只能對靜止目標(biāo)測距、測角
[94,95]	3.5 GHz, 18 MHz	OFDM	使用NI公司5G大規(guī)模MIMO實(shí)驗(yàn)平臺驗(yàn)證近場室內(nèi)移動物體厘米級定位。	-	只是初步探究感知功能在未來集成到大規(guī)模MIMO通信系統(tǒng)中的技術(shù)可行性，沒有進(jìn)行通信功能與性能測試
[78,81,85]	28 GHz, 800 MHz	OFDM	通感算一體化：5G毫米波室內(nèi)多車協(xié)同定位，測距0.9 m，精度0.044 m。	2.8 Gbit/s	面向車聯(lián)網(wǎng)、自動駕駛場景的多站協(xié)同感知；TDD架構(gòu)
[81]	27.5 GHz	OFDM	車輛測距、測速、測角。	視頻傳輸	面向車聯(lián)網(wǎng)、自動駕駛場景的單站感知
[86,87]	5.4 GHz, 560 MHz	STC-OFDM-Chirp	固定翼飛機(jī)機(jī)載8 km高空對地SAR成像，分辨率0.3 m×0.3 m。	傳輸圖像，誤碼率較高(未加信道編碼)	時空域多維度多波束一體化波形調(diào)制；固定翼飛機(jī)SAR成像
[93]	26 GHz, 100 MHz	CP-OFDM	室外5G基站車輛、無人機(jī)感知：測距500 m 以上；車輛測速精度小于0.1 km/h (車速30 km/h)、測角精度小于0.2^o。	-	基于5G現(xiàn)網(wǎng)的通感一體化驗(yàn)證
[96]	140 GHz, 8 GHz	OFDM, FMCW	大規(guī)模MIMO太赫茲毫米級不可見物體3維成像。	-	只是初步探究太赫茲感知集成到大規(guī)模MIMO通信的可行性

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